Sclerosis multiplex őssejt -terápiája

Sclerosis multiplex őssejt -terápiája

A sclerosis multiplex (MS) a központi idegrendszer autoimmun betegsége. Ez arra készteti a test immunrendszerét, hogy megtámadja a központi idegrendszer különböző részeit, mint például az agy, a gerincvelő és a látóideg. Noha az SM -re nincs gyógymód, az őssejt -terápia javíthatja az ember tüneteit és lelassíthatja a betegség progresszióját. Az őssejt -terápia egy kísérleti kezelés, amelyhez az emberek hozzáférhetnek klinikai vizsgálatok során.

MS arra készteti a testet, hogy immunválaszt irányítson saját központi idegrendszerére.

Ez az immunválasz károsítja a mielint, amely az idegrostokat körülvevő zsíros anyag. Ez azt is károsítja maguk az idegrostok és a mielint gyártó sejtek.

Az MS tünetei súlyosságukban változhatnak. Néhány embernek enyhe tünetei lehetnek, másoknak súlyos tünetei lehetnek, amelyek gyengítőek lehetnek.

Vannak olyan kezelési lehetőségek, amelyek segíthetnek csökkenteni a tüneteket és lassíthatják a betegség előrehaladását. Az egyik ilyen kezelés az őssejt -terápia. Ez a cikk lefedi, hogy mi az őssejt -terápia, miért fontos az MS -ben szenvedő emberek számára, és hogy biztonságos és hatékony.

Mik az őssejtek? Miért fontosak?

Az őssejtek olyan sejtek típusai, amelyek a felnőtt test bármely más specifikus sejtjévé válhatnak. Ezek a sejtek fontos szerepet játszanak a korai életben és a növekedésben, mivel segítik a testet a szükséges sejtek sokféleségének kialakításában.

Egyéb funkciók a következők:

javítás

Az őssejtek segítenek a test javításában. Cserélik azokat a sejteket, amelyeket a test elveszít kopás, sérülés vagy betegség révén.

Az ilyen típusú sejtek számos szervben és szövetben vannak jelen, és hosszú ideig inaktív maradhatnak, mielőtt aktiválódniuk kell.

őssejtek vannak jelen:

  • Az agy
  • Csontvelő
  • Vér- és erek
  • vázizmok
  • Bőr
  • A máj

önmegújulás

Az őssejtek is képesek önmagukra, hogy önmagukban legyenek. -renew. Ez azt jelenti, hogy megoszthatják és korlátlan mennyiségű, azonos típusú új cellát hozhatnak létre.

Az egészségügyi szakemberek most őssejteket használnak számos egészségügyi állapot kezelésére. Egy személy átültethet az egészséges őssejtek transzplantációját, amely ezután helyettesítheti a test sérült sejtjeit.

Ez számos orvosi állapot gyakori kezelése, beleértve számos rákot, valamint immunrendszeri rendellenességeket, vérzési rendellenességeket és anyagcsere -rendellenességeket.

Tudjon meg többet az őssejtek fontosságáról.

Hogyan tudják kezelni az MS -t?

Az egészségügyi szakemberek őssejteket használhatnak az MS kezelésére. El tudják hajtani az őssejt -transzplantációkat, ahol az MS -sel rendelkező személy egészséges őssejteket kap, hogy helyettesítse a test többi specifikus sejtjét.

Különböző típusú őssejt -terápia létezik, amelyek különféle őssejteket használnak.

Ezek magukban foglalják:

autológ hematopoietikus őssejt -transzplantáció

Az autológ hematopoietikus őssejt -transzplantáció (AHSCT) magában foglalja az ember immunrendszerének törlését, majd újbóli felújítását magában az ember saját hematopoietikus őssejtjei. Ezek olyan őssejtek, amelyek minden típusú vérsejtré alakulhatnak, beleértve a fehérvérsejteket, a vörösvértesteket és a vérlemezkéket.

Ez a módszer megsemmisíti a diszfunkcionális immunrendszert, amely az MS tüneteit okozza, és helyettesíti egy normálisan működő immunrendszerrel.

Az eredeti, diszfunkcionális immunrendszer megsemmisítése érdekében egy személy citotoxikus terápiát kap. Ez általában immunoablációs terápiás antitestekkel végzett kemoterápia formájában történik, amelyek elősegítik az immunrendszer sejtjeinek eltávolítását és elpusztítását.

Tudjon meg többet az őssejt -transzplantációkról.

mezenchimális őssejt -terápia

A mezenchimális őssejt (MSC) terápia egy másik potenciális kezelés az MS tüneteinek. Ez a kezelés továbbra is a klinikai vizsgálati szakaszban van.

Az MSC -k képesek elősegíteni a mielin javítását, és pozitív hatással vannak az ember immunrendszerére.

Az MSC terápia során az orvos eltávolítja az ember MSC -jét a csontvelőből, a vérből vagy más szövetekből. Ezután megsokszorozzák ezeket a sejteket egy laboratóriumban, és a testükben nagyobb számban írják be őket.

Egyes esetekben a tudós kezelheti ezeket a sejteket a kezelés befejezése előtt. Megtalálhatják ezt, hogy javítsák a sejtek azon képességét, hogy elnyomják az idegrendszert károsító immunválaszokat, és elősegítsék a mielin javításának képességét.

Számos klinikai vizsgálat történt annak elemzésére, hogy az MSC terápia mennyire hatékony az MS -ben szenvedő emberek számára. Számos preklinikai és klinikai vizsgálat 2020-as áttekintése kimondja, hogy az MSC-k ígéretesnek tűnik az MS-kezelés során. A felülvizsgálat kimondja, hogy ennek oka a következők:

  • Képességük, hogy modulálják az ember immunrendszerét
  • A trópusi tényezők felszabadítása, amelyek olyan molekulák, amelyek segítenek az agy idegsejtjeinek fejlődésében
  • Képességük más sejtek széles skálájává válni
  • Képességük regenerálódási képességük

Az őssejt -terápia biztonságos és hatékony?

Számos tanulmány egy 2019. évi áttekintése szerint meggyőző bizonyítékok vannak arra, hogy az AHSCT hatékonyan leállítja a gyulladásos MS -aktivitást, és elősegíti az idegrendszeri fogyatékosság javítását az MS -ben szenvedő embereknél.

Egy másik felülvizsgálat kijelentette, hogy az AHSCT az MS betegség aktivitását 4–5 évig elnyomhatja az MS -ben szenvedő emberek 70–80% -ában. A felülvizsgálat kimondja, hogy ez az arány magasabb, mint a többi MS -terápiák által elért egyéb arány.

A 2019. évi felülvizsgálat azt is hozzáteszi, hogy az AHSCT biztonsága javult az utóbbi években. Azt állítja, hogy az európai csontvelő -transzplantációs (EBMT) nyilvántartás azt mutatja, hogy ezen transzplantációk halálozási aránya az 1995–2000 közötti 7,3% -ról 0,7% -ra esett vissza a 2008–2016 közötti időszakban.

A pozitív eredmények és a fokozott biztonság ellenére több klinikai vizsgálatra van szükség az AHSCT hatékonyságának és biztonságának vizsgálatához az MS -ben szenvedők számára.

FDA jóváhagyás

Jelenleg az Egyesült Államok Élelmezési és Gyógyszerügynökségének (FDA) nem hagyják jóvá az őssejt -terápiát az MS kezelésére. Ez azt jelenti, hogy az orvosok kísérleti kezelésnek tekintik.

Az orvosok már használnak AHSCT -terápiát a vérrák kezelésére, de az FDA nem hagyta jóvá azt az MS -ben történő felhasználás céljából. Általános felhasználását azonban jóváhagyják, és az egészségügyi szakemberek további tanulmányokat hívtak fel, hogy kibővítsék annak felhasználását az SM kezelésében.

Az ember megbeszélheti az őssejt -terápiát érintő klinikai vizsgálatok biztonságát és hatékonyságát orvosával.

Különböző típusú őssejtek

A tudósok olyan klinikai vizsgálatokat végeznek, amelyek számos különféle őssejtet vizsgálnak, hogy megvizsgálják -e, hogy lehetnek -e hatékony kezelni az MS -t.

Néhány őssejt, amelyek hasznosak lehetnek az MS kezelésében, a következők:

  • Hematopoietikus őssejtek (HSC): Ezek felnőtt őssejtek, amelyek az ember csontjában vannak jelen. csontvelő és vér. Az immunrendszerben működő összes vérsejtet és a sejteket előállíthatják.
  • Mezenchimális őssejtek (MSC): Ezek a felnőtt őssejtek a test számos helyén vannak jelen, beleértve a csontvelőt, a bőrt és a zsírt. Ezek az őssejtek előállíthatják azokat a sejteket, amelyek segítenek más őssejtek megfelelő működésében.
  • Neurális őssejtek (NSC): Ezek speciális őssejtek, amelyek javíthatják a mielint az agyban. Ez hasznos, mivel az MS károsíthatja a mielint, valamint a mielint előállító sejteket. Az NSC -k más őssejtekből származhatnak, például mezenchimális sejtekből.
  • Humán embrionális őssejtek (HESC): Ezek az őssejtek adományozott embriókból származnak. Természetesen bármilyen sejt előállíthatnak az emberi testben, azaz hatékonyan kezelhetik az MS kezelését. Aggodalomra ad okot a biztonságuk, mivel ezek a daganatok kialakulását okozhatják.
  • Indukált pluripotens őssejtek (IPSC): Egy orvosi szakember ezeket a sejteket más felnőtt sejtek átprogramozásával kaphatja meg. Minden különféle felnőttsejtet előállíthatnak. Aggodalomra ad okot a biztonságuk, mivel ezek a daganatok kialakulását okozhatják.

Tudjon meg többet az MS kezelési irányelveiről.

Összegzés

sclerosis multiplex (MS) krónikus autoimmun betegség. Az immunrendszert az agy, a gerincvelő és a látóideg megtámadása miatt. Az MS olyan tüneteket okoz, mint a gyengeség, a gyaloglás problémái, a merevség és az izomgörcsök, az elmosódott látás, a vertigo és a szédülés.

Számos kezelési lehetőség van az MS -ben szenvedő személyek számára, beleértve az őssejt -terápiát is. A

őssejtek olyan sejtek, amelyek más sejttípusokká alakulhatnak. Újra regenerálódhatnak, és határozatlan számú új cellát hozhatnak létre. Ez hasznossá teszi őket az MS kezelése során.

Az orvos citotoxikus gyógyszereket használhat az ember diszfunkcionális immunrendszerének elpusztítására, mielőtt az embert őssejtekkel injektálná. Ezek a sejtek ezután új immunsejteket hozhatnak létre, amelyek egy vadonatúj, funkcionális immunrendszert felépíthetnek. Ez segíthet csökkenteni az MS tüneteit. A

őssejt -terápiát az FDA nem hagyta jóvá az MS -ben szenvedő embereknél való felhasználás céljából, és az orvosok kísérleti kezelésnek tekintik.

Egyéb terápiák, különféle őssejtek felhasználásával, szintén hatékonyak lehetnek. Az egészségügyi szakemberek számos klinikai vizsgálatot végeznek ezen különféle sejtek hatékonyságának tesztelésére.

  • Orvosi innováció
  • sclerosis multiplex
  • őssejt -kutatás
  • Szabályozási ügyek/kábítószer -jóváhagyások
  • Kiegészítő gyógyszer/alternatív orvoslás

gyűrűhernyó: Mennyi ideig fertőző?

gyűrűhernyó: Mennyi ideig fertőző?

A gyűrűféreg egy gombás fertőzés, amely gyűrű alakú léziókat okoz a bőr külső rétegein. Ezek a sérülések általában vörösek és viszkesek, és megjelenhetnek a fejbőrön, a külső végtagokon vagy a törzsön.

A gyűrűféreg nagyon fertőző, és a test más területeivel és más emberekkel való érintkezés révén elterjedhet. A gyűrűférgek egy ideig fertőzőek maradnak, még akkor is, ha egy személyt a fertőzés kezelésére kezeli.

Olvassa el tovább, hogy megtudja a gyűrűférgek kezelési lehetőségeit és a kezelés megkezdése után a fertőzés mennyi ideig marad. Tippeket is adunk arról is, hogyan lehet megakadályozni a gyűrűhernyót.

Mennyi ideig fertőző?

A gyűrűféreg nagyon fertőző. Egy személy a fertőzött háziállatból vagy más személyből szerezheti a gyűrűférgét.

Számos különféle gombák okozhatnak gyűrűhernyót. Ezek a gombák mindaddig fertőzőek, amíg bármelyik spórájuk életben marad.

A gombás spórák 12-20 hónapig élhetnek, ezért fontos, hogy egy személy fertőtlenítsen bármit, ami érintkezésbe került egy fertőzött személlyel vagy állattal. Ezek az objektumok magukban foglalják az ágyneműt, a kanapé párnákat, a ruházatot és más szöveteket.

Mennyi ideig tart fertőző a kezelés megkezdése után?

A Seattle -i Gyermekkórház szerint a gyűrűférgek 48 órás kezelés után abbahagyják a fertőzőt.

kezelés közben egy személy fedezheti a léziót, hogy megakadályozza, hogy a környezetben más emberekkel vagy tárgyakkal érintkezésbe kerüljön.

Egy olyan kutya vagy macska, amely agresszív kezelést kap a gyűrűférgek számára, kb. 3 hétig fertőző marad. Ha a kezelés enyhébb vagy következetlen, akkor a gyűrűhernyó valószínűleg hosszabb ideig fertőző marad. Az embereknek meg kell vitatniuk a kezelési lehetőségeket háziállatuk állatorvosával.

Hogyan terjed?

A gyűrűférgek a fertőzött bőr- vagy gombás spórákkal való közvetlen érintkezés révén terjednek. A spórák szöveteken élhetnek, beleértve a ruházatot, a kanapé párnákat, az ágyneműt és más porózus felületeket. Nedves környezetben is virágznak, például nyilvános zuhanyzókban és öltözőben.

A gyűrűféreg ugyanaz a gomba, amely a sportoló lábát és a jock viszketését okozza. Ennek eredményeként, ha egy embernek gyűrűhernyója van, akkor kerülni kell az ágyék vagy a lábuk megérintését. Ezzel a gyűrűhernyó elterjedhet a test ezen részeire.

Az a személy, aki egy háziállatból szerződést köt, nem tudja továbbadni egy másik embernek. Ebben az esetben a gomba csak az állatokról az emberre tud átjutni.

A gyűrűhernyó megelőzése

Miközben bárki kaphat ágféreget, bizonyos tényezők növelhetik az ember kockázatát a fertőzés kialakulásának. Ide tartoznak:

  • Forró, párás környezetben élnek
  • Erősen izzadás
  • A kontakt sportokban való részvétel, például a birkózás vagy a futball
  • öltözőszobák vagy nyilvános zuhanyzók használata
  • Szűk cipő viselése
  • Az állatokkal való szoros kapcsolatban vagy az állatokkal való szoros kapcsolatban van
  • gyengült immunrendszerrel

Sok esetben lehet megakadályozni a gyűrűhernyót. Néhány lépés, amelyet egy személy megtehet a fertőzés megelőzése érdekében, a következők:

  • Laza illesztő cipő viselése
  • A fehérnemű és a zokni megváltoztatása legalább egyszer napi egyszer
  • A bőr tiszta és száraz tartása Kezek szappannal és vízzel, miután egy háziállattal játszott
  • Fertőzött PET állatgyógyászati kezelését keresve

megakadályozza, hogy a gyűrűhernyó terjedjen

Egyszer. A PET -nek gyűrűhernyója van, fontos, hogy megakadályozzuk a fertőzés terjedését.

Az emberek közötti fertőzés megakadályozása

Az a személy, aki gyűrűféreggel rendelkezik, elterjesztheti a fertőzést mind a test más részein, mind más emberekre. Ennek megakadályozása érdekében az embereknek a következő óvintézkedéseket kell tenniük:

  • Kerülje el a ágféreg -lézió karcolását vagy megérintését
  • A kezet alaposan mossa meg, miután megérintette vagy kezelje a gyűrűhernyó sérülését
  • Mosson ruhákat, ágyneműt és törülközőket forró, szappanos vízben

Azoknak az embereknek, akiknek sportolója van, a következő óvintézkedéseket is kell tenniük: A körülötte fekvő kopott zokni

  • Használjon ultraibolya cipőfertőző vagy ózonszekrényt a cipő fertőtlenítéséhez kerülje a személyes tárgyaik megosztását. A megosztás elkerülését célzó néhány elem a következők:

    • Ágynemű
    • Törölközők
    • Ruházat és kiegészítők
    • Hajkefék
    • smink

    A fertőzés megakadályozása háziállatokról az emberekre

    Ha egy háziállatnak gyűrűférge van, akkor az embernek segítenie kell a fertőzés terjedését:

    • A PET állatorvosi kezelése keresése
    • Ha az állatorvos ellenőrzi az egyéb háztartási háziállatokat a gyűrűférgek számára
    • Tisztítás, porszívás és fertőtlenítő területek Li
    • Kesztyű és hosszú ujjú viselése a kedvtelésből tartott állatok kezelésekor
    • Kezet mossa szappannal és vízzel > A kezelés általában egy gombaellenes krém közvetlen alkalmazását foglalja magában a gyűrűhernyó -sérüléshez. Ezek a krémek a pulton keresztül kaphatók.

      A krém felhordásakor az embereknek lefedniük kell a látható léziót, és a krémet 2,5 cm -re kell oszlanak a lézió határain túl. Az embereknek legalább 7 napig kell használniuk a krém használatát, miután a lézió teljesen megszűnt.

      Egy vizsgálat szerint a kenőcs vagy a krémek kb. 4 hétig tarthatnak a gyűrűhernyó fertőzés megszüntetése. A fertőzés pontos időtartama azonban a sérülés helyétől és súlyosságától függ.

      Egy olyan lézió, amely a test olyan területén képződik, amelynek kevés vagy egyáltalán nincs, 2–4 hét alatt oldódhat meg a kezeléssel. Ha a fertőzés súlyos, vagy olyan területen, ahol sok haj van, akkor hosszabb ideig tarthat a gyógyulás.

      A fejbőrön előforduló gyűrűférgek vényköteles gyógyszert igényelnek, például orális gombaellenes anyagokat. Az orvos felírhat egy gyógyszeres sampont is.

      Kezelés nélkül a gyűrűférgek néhány hónapon belül eltűnhetnek. A személy azonban ebben az időben fertőző magukkal és másokkal.

      Összegzés

      A gyűrűféreg nagyon fertőző gombás bőrfertőzés. A test bárhol előfordulhat, de különösen gyakori az ágyék területén és a lábakon.

      Az ember gyógyszeres kenőcsöket és krémeket használhat a gyűrűhféreg helyileg kezelésére. Súlyosabb fertőzésekhez az embernek esetleg orális gombaellenes gyógyszereket kell szednie.

      A gyűrűférgek fertőző maradnak az emberek első 48 órájában, és kb. 3 hétig a háziállatok agresszív kezelésének kezdetétől számítottak. Mindkét esetben a kezeletlen gyűrűférgek sokkal hosszabb ideig fertőzőek maradnak.

      A gombás spórák maguk is 20 hónapig élhetnek. Ez idő alatt az embereknek meg kell tenniük a szükséges óvintézkedéseket az újbóli fertőzés megakadályozása érdekében.

      • Fertőző betegségek/baktériumok/vírusok

      Az orvosi hírek ma szigorú beszerzési irányelveket tartalmaznak, és csak a szakértői áttekintett tanulmányokból, az akadémiai kutatóintézményekből, valamint az orvosi folyóiratokból és társulásokból származnak. Kerüljük a tercier referenciák használatát. Összekapcsoljuk az elsődleges forrásokat – beleértve a tanulmányokat, a tudományos referenciákat és a statisztikákat – az egyes cikkekben, és felsoroljuk azokat a cikkek alján található források szakaszban is. Többet megtudhat arról, hogyan biztosítjuk, hogy tartalmunk pontos és aktuális legyen a

      szerkesztői politika elolvasásával.

  • Θεραπεία βλαστικών κυττάρων για σκλήρυνση κατά πλάκας

    Θεραπεία βλαστικών κυττάρων για σκλήρυνση κατά πλάκας

    Η σκλήρυνση κατά πλάκας (MS) είναι μια αυτοάνοση ασθένεια του κεντρικού νευρικού συστήματος. Αναγκάζει το ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα του σώματος να επιτεθεί στα διάφορα μέρη του κεντρικού νευρικού συστήματος, όπως ο εγκέφαλος, ο νωτιαίος μυελός και το οπτικό νεύρο. Ενώ δεν υπάρχει θεραπεία για το MS, η θεραπεία με βλαστοκύτταρα μπορεί να βοηθήσει στη βελτίωση των συμπτωμάτων ενός ατόμου και να επιβραδύνει την εξέλιξη της νόσου. Η θεραπεία με βλαστοκύτταρα είναι μια πειραματική θεραπεία που οι άνθρωποι μπορούν να έχουν πρόσβαση σε κλινικές δοκιμές.

    MS αναγκάζει το σώμα να κατευθύνει μια ανοσοαπόκριση στο δικό του κεντρικό νευρικό σύστημα.

    Αυτή η ανοσοαπόκριση βλάπτει τη μυελίνη, η οποία είναι η λιπαρή ουσία που περιβάλλει τις νευρικές ίνες. Βλάπτει επίσης τις ίδιες τις νευρικές ίνες και τα κύτταρα που κάνουν τη μυελίνη.

    Τα συμπτώματα της MS μπορεί να ποικίλουν σε σοβαρότητα. Μερικοί άνθρωποι μπορούν να έχουν ήπια συμπτώματα και άλλοι μπορούν να έχουν σοβαρά συμπτώματα που μπορεί να είναι εξουθενωτικά.

    Υπάρχει μια σειρά επιλογών θεραπείας που μπορούν να βοηθήσουν στη μείωση των συμπτωμάτων και στην επιβράδυνση της εξέλιξης της νόσου. Μια τέτοια θεραπεία είναι η θεραπεία με βλαστοκύτταρα. Αυτό το άρθρο θα καλύψει την θεραπεία με βλαστοκύτταρα, γιατί είναι σημαντικό για άτομα με MS και αν είναι ασφαλές και αποτελεσματικό.

    Τι είναι τα βλαστοκύτταρα; Γιατί είναι σημαντικά;

    Τα βλαστοκύτταρα είναι τύποι κυττάρων που μπορούν να μετατραπούν σε οποιοδήποτε άλλο συγκεκριμένο κύτταρο στο ενήλικο σώμα. Αυτά τα κύτταρα διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην πρώιμη ζωή και την ανάπτυξη καθώς βοηθούν το σώμα να αναπτύξει την ποικιλία των κυττάρων που χρειάζεται.

    Άλλες λειτουργίες περιλαμβάνουν:

    Επισκευή

    Τα βλαστοκύτταρα βοηθούν την ίδια την επισκευή του σώματος. Αντικαθιστούν τα κύτταρα που το σώμα χάνει μέσα από τη φθορά, τον τραυματισμό ή τη νόσο.

    Αυτοί οι τύποι κυττάρων υπάρχουν σε διάφορα όργανα και ιστούς και μπορούν να παραμείνουν ανενεργοί για μεγάλες χρονικές περιόδους πριν απαιτηθούν να ενεργοποιηθούν.

    Τα βλαστοκύτταρα είναι παρόντα σε:

    • Ο εγκέφαλος
    • μυελός των οστών
    • αίμα και αιμοφόρα αγγεία
    • σκελετικοί μύες
    • Skin
    • Το ήπαρ

    αυτο-ανανέωση

    βλαστοκύτταρα έχουν επίσης την ικανότητα να αυτο- -ανανεώνω. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι μπορούν να χωρίσουν και να δημιουργήσουν μια απεριόριστη ποσότητα νέων κυττάρων του ίδιου τύπου.

    Οι ιατρικοί επαγγελματίες χρησιμοποιούν τώρα βλαστοκύτταρα για να θεραπεύσουν μια σειρά ιατρικών καταστάσεων. Ένα άτομο μπορεί να λάβει μια μεταμόσχευση υγιεινών βλαστοκυττάρων, τα οποία στη συνέχεια μπορούν να αντικαταστήσουν τα κατεστραμμένα κύτταρα στο σώμα.

    Πρόκειται για μια κοινή θεραπεία για ορισμένες ιατρικές καταστάσεις, συμπεριλαμβανομένων ορισμένων καρκίνων καθώς και διαταραχών του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος, διαταραχών του αίματος και μεταβολικών διαταραχών.

    Μάθετε περισσότερα σχετικά με τη σημασία των βλαστικών κυττάρων εδώ.

    Πώς μπορούν να αντιμετωπίσουν τα MS;

    Οι ιατρικοί επαγγελματίες μπορούν να χρησιμοποιήσουν βλαστοκύτταρα για τη θεραπεία της MS. Μπορούν να πραγματοποιήσουν μεταμοσχεύσεις βλαστικών κυττάρων, όπου ένα άτομο με MS λαμβάνει υγιή βλαστοκύτταρα για να αντικαταστήσει τα άλλα συγκεκριμένα κύτταρα στο σώμα τους.

    Υπάρχουν διάφοροι τύποι θεραπείας βλαστικών κυττάρων που χρησιμοποιούν διαφορετικούς τύπους βλαστικών κυττάρων.

    Περιλαμβάνουν:

    αυτόλογη μεταμόσχευση βλαστικών κυττάρων

    Μια αυτόλογη μεταμόσχευση αιμοποιητικών βλαστικών κυττάρων (AHSCT) περιλαμβάνει τη διαμόρφωση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος ενός ατόμου και στη συνέχεια η ανανέωση του χρησιμοποιώντας τα αιματοποιητικά βλαστοκύτταρα του ατόμου. Αυτά είναι βλαστοκύτταρα που μπορούν να εξελιχθούν σε όλους τους τύπους κυττάρων αίματος, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των λευκών αιμοσφαιρίων, των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων και των αιμοπεταλίων.

    Αυτή η μέθοδος καταστρέφει το δυσλειτουργικό ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα που προκαλεί τα συμπτώματα της MS και το αντικαθιστά με ένα ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα που λειτουργεί κανονικά.

    Για να καταστρέψει το αρχικό, δυσλειτουργικό ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα, ένα άτομο λαμβάνει κυτταροτοξική θεραπεία. Αυτό είναι συνήθως με τη μορφή χημειοθεραπείας με ανοσοδιευθυντικά θεραπευτικά αντισώματα, τα οποία βοηθούν στην απομάκρυνση και την καταστροφή των κυττάρων του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος.

    Μάθετε περισσότερα σχετικά με τις μεταμοσχεύσεις βλαστικών κυττάρων εδώ.

    Μεσεγχυματική θεραπεία βλαστικών κυττάρων

    Η θεραπεία μεσεγχυματικών βλαστικών κυττάρων (MSC) είναι μια άλλη πιθανή θεραπεία για τα συμπτώματα της MS. Αυτή η θεραπεία εξακολουθεί να βρίσκεται στη φάση της κλινικής δοκιμής.

    Τα MSCs είναι σε θέση να προωθήσουν την επισκευή της μυελίνης και να έχουν θετική επίδραση στο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα ενός ατόμου.

    Κατά τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας MSC, ένας γιατρός αφαιρεί τα MSC ενός ατόμου από τον μυελό των οστών, το αίμα ή άλλους ιστούς. Στη συνέχεια, πολλαπλασιάζουν αυτά τα κύτταρα σε ένα εργαστήριο και επαναπροσδιορίζουν τα σε μεγαλύτερους αριθμούς στο σώμα τους.

    Σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις, ένας επιστήμονας μπορεί να θεραπεύσει αυτά τα κύτταρα πριν ολοκληρωθεί η θεραπεία. Μπορούν να το κάνουν αυτό για να ενισχύσουν την ικανότητα των κυττάρων να καταστέλλουν τις ανοσοαποκρίσεις του νευρικού συστήματος και να βοηθήσουν στην προώθηση της ικανότητάς τους να επιδιορθώσουν τη μυελίνη.

    Έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί αρκετές κλινικές δοκιμές για να αναλυθεί πόσο αποτελεσματική είναι η θεραπεία MSC για άτομα με MS. Μια ανασκόπηση του 2020 ενός αριθμού προκλινικών και κλινικών δοκιμών δηλώνει ότι τα MSCs φαίνεται πολλά υποσχόμενα στη θεραπεία με MS. Η ανασκόπηση αναφέρει ότι αυτό οφείλεται:

    • Η ικανότητά τους να διαμορφώνουν το ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα ενός ατόμου
    • Η ικανότητά τους να διαφοροποιούνται σε μια μεγάλη ποικιλία άλλων κυττάρων
    • Η ικανότητά τους να αναγεννήσουν

    είναι ασφαλές και αποτελεσματικό;

    Σύμφωνα με μία ανασκόπηση του 2019 για μια σειρά από μελέτες, υπάρχουν πειστικές αποδείξεις ότι το AHSCT είναι αποτελεσματικό στη διακοπή της φλεγμονώδους δραστηριότητας MS και στη βελτίωση της νευρολογικής αναπηρίας σε άτομα με σκλήρυνση κατά πλάκας.

    Μια άλλη ανασκόπηση δήλωσε ότι το AHSCT μπορεί να καταστείλει τη δραστηριότητα της ασθένειας της MS για 4-5 έτη στο 70-80% των ατόμων με ΣΚΠ. Η ανασκόπηση αναφέρει ότι ο ρυθμός αυτός είναι υψηλότερος από οποιοδήποτε άλλο ποσοστό που επιτυγχάνεται από άλλες θεραπείες MS.

    Η ανασκόπηση του 2019 προσθέτει επίσης ότι η ασφάλεια του AHSCT έχει βελτιωθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια. Αναφέρει ότι το μητρώο μεταμόσχευσης του ευρωπαϊκού μυελού των οστών (EBMT) δείχνει ότι το ποσοστό θνησιμότητας αυτών των μεταμοσχεύσεων μειώθηκε από 7,3% μεταξύ 1995-2000 σε 0,7% μεταξύ 2008-2016.

    Παρά τα θετικά αποτελέσματα και την αυξημένη ασφάλεια, απαιτούνται περισσότερες κλινικές δοκιμές για τη δοκιμή της αποτελεσματικότητας και της ασφάλειας του AHSCT για άτομα με ΣΚΠ.

    Έγκριση FDA

    Επί του παρόντος, κανένας τύπος θεραπείας με βλαστοκύτταρα δεν εγκρίνεται από την Υπηρεσία Τροφίμων και Φαρμάκων των Η.Π.Α. για τη θεραπεία της MS. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι οι γιατροί θεωρούν μια πειραματική θεραπεία.

    Οι γιατροί χρησιμοποιούν ήδη θεραπεία AHSCT για τη θεραπεία καρκίνων αίματος, αλλά ο FDA δεν το έχει εγκρίνει για χρήση σε MS. Ωστόσο, η γενική του χρήση εγκρίνεται και οι ιατρικοί επαγγελματίες ζήτησαν περαιτέρω μελέτες να διευρύνουν τη χρήση της στη θεραπεία της MS.

    Ένα άτομο μπορεί να συζητήσει την ασφάλεια και την αποτελεσματικότητα των κλινικών δοκιμών που περιλαμβάνουν θεραπεία με βλαστοκύτταρα με τον γιατρό του.

    Διαφορετικοί τύποι βλαστικών κυττάρων

    Οι επιστήμονες διεξάγουν κλινικές δοκιμές που εξετάζουν διάφορους τύπους βλαστικών κυττάρων για να δουν αν μπορούν να είναι μια αποτελεσματική θεραπεία για τα κράτη μέλη.

    Μερικά από τα βλαστοκύτταρα που μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμα στη θεραπεία της MS είναι: μυελό και αίμα. Μπορούν να παράγουν όλα τα κύτταρα του αίματος και τα κύτταρα που λειτουργούν στο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα.

  • Μεσεγχυματικά βλαστοκύτταρα (MSCs): Αυτά τα βλαστοκύτταρα ενηλίκων υπάρχουν σε διάφορα σημεία του σώματος, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του μυελού των οστών, του δέρματος και του λίπους. Αυτά τα βλαστοκύτταρα μπορούν να παράγουν τα κύτταρα που βοηθούν άλλα βλαστοκύτταρα να λειτουργούν σωστά.
  • Νευρωνικά βλαστοκύτταρα (NSCs): Αυτά είναι εξειδικευμένα βλαστοκύτταρα που μπορούν να επιδιορθώσουν τη μυελίνη στον εγκέφαλο. Αυτό είναι χρήσιμο καθώς το MS μπορεί να βλάψει τη μυελίνη καθώς και τα κύτταρα που κάνουν μυελίνη. Τα NSCs μπορούν να προέρχονται από άλλα βλαστοκύτταρα όπως τα μεσεγχυματικά κύτταρα.
  • Ανθρώπινα εμβρυϊκά βλαστοκύτταρα (HESCs): Αυτά τα βλαστοκύτταρα προέρχονται από δωρεά έμβρυα. Μπορούν φυσικά να παράγουν οποιοδήποτε κύτταρο στο ανθρώπινο σώμα, που σημαίνει ότι μπορεί να είναι αποτελεσματικά στη θεραπεία της MS. Υπάρχει μια ανησυχία για την ασφάλειά τους, καθώς μπορεί να είναι σε θέση να προκαλέσουν την ανάπτυξη όγκων.
  • Προκληθέντα πολυδύναμα βλαστοκύτταρα (IPSCs): Ένας ιατρικός επαγγελματίας μπορεί να αποκτήσει αυτά τα κύτταρα επαναπρογραμματίζοντας άλλα ενήλικα κύτταρα. Μπορούν να παράγουν όλους τους διαφορετικούς τύπους κυττάρων ενηλίκων. Υπάρχει μια ανησυχία για την ασφάλειά τους, καθώς μπορεί να είναι σε θέση να προκαλέσουν την ανάπτυξη όγκων.
  • Μάθετε περισσότερα σχετικά με τις κατευθυντήριες γραμμές για τη θεραπεία για το MS εδώ.

    Περίληψη

    Πολλαπλός σκλήρυνση (MS) είναι μια χρόνια αυτοάνοση ασθένεια. Αναγκάζει το ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα να επιτεθεί στον εγκέφαλο, στον νωτιαίο μυελό και στο οπτικό νεύρο. Το MS προκαλεί συμπτώματα όπως αδυναμία, προβλήματα με τα πόδια, δυσκαμψία και μυϊκούς σπασμούς, θολή όραση, ίλιγγο και ζάλη.

    Υπάρχουν ορισμένες επιλογές θεραπείας για ένα άτομο με MS, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της θεραπείας με βλαστοκύτταρα.

    Τα βλαστοκύτταρα είναι κύτταρα που μπορούν να μετατραπούν σε άλλους κυτταρικούς τύπους. Μπορούν επίσης να αναγεννηθούν, δημιουργώντας έναν αόριστο αριθμό νέων κυττάρων. Αυτό τους καθιστά χρήσιμο κατά τη θεραπεία της MS.

    Ένας γιατρός μπορεί να χρησιμοποιήσει κυτταροτοξικά φάρμακα για να καταστρέψει το δυσλειτουργικό ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα ενός ατόμου πριν εισάγει αυτό το άτομο με βλαστοκύτταρα. Αυτά τα κύτταρα μπορούν στη συνέχεια να δημιουργήσουν νέα κύτταρα ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος, τα οποία μπορούν να κατασκευάσουν ένα άτομο ένα ολοκαίνουργιο, λειτουργικό ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα. Αυτό μπορεί να βοηθήσει στη μείωση των συμπτωμάτων MS.

    Η θεραπεία βλαστικών κυττάρων δεν εγκρίνεται από το FDA για χρήση σε άτομα με MS και οι γιατροί θεωρούν ότι είναι πειραματική θεραπεία.

    Άλλες θεραπείες, χρησιμοποιώντας διαφορετικούς τύπους βλαστικών κυττάρων, μπορεί επίσης να είναι αποτελεσματικές. Οι ιατρικοί επαγγελματίες διεξάγουν μια σειρά κλινικών δοκιμών για να δοκιμάσουν την αποτελεσματικότητα αυτών των διαφορετικών κυττάρων.

    • Ιατρική καινοτομία
    • Σκλήρυνση κατά πλάκας
    • Έρευνα βλαστικών κυττάρων
    • Συμπληρωματική ιατρική/εναλλακτική ιατρική

    Ringworm: Πόσο καιρό είναι μεταδοτικό;

    Ringworm: Πόσο καιρό είναι μεταδοτικό;

    ringworm είναι μια μυκητιακή λοίμωξη που προκαλεί αλλοιώσεις σε σχήμα δακτυλίου στα εξωτερικά στρώματα του δέρματος. Αυτές οι βλάβες είναι συνήθως κόκκινες και φαγούρες και μπορούν να εμφανιστούν στο τριχωτό της κεφαλής, στο εξωτερικό άκρο ή στον κορμό.

    Το Ringworm είναι εξαιρετικά μεταδοτικό και μπορεί να εξαπλωθεί μέσω επαφής με άλλες περιοχές του σώματος και άλλων ανθρώπων. Το Ringworm παραμένει μεταδοτικό για κάποιο χρονικό διάστημα, ακόμη και όταν ένα άτομο υποβάλλεται σε θεραπεία για τη μόλυνση.

    Διαβάστε παρακάτω για να μάθετε για τις επιλογές θεραπείας για ringworm και πόσο καιρό η λοίμωξη παραμένει μεταδοτική μετά την έναρξη της θεραπείας. Παρέχουμε επίσης συμβουλές για το πώς να αποφευχθεί η εξάπλωση του ringworm.

    Πόσο καιρό είναι μεταδοτικό συνολικά;

    Το Ringworm είναι εξαιρετικά μεταδοτικό. Ένα άτομο μπορεί να συρρικνωθεί δακτύλιος από ένα μολυσμένο κατοικίδιο ζώο ή άλλο άτομο.

    Αρκετοί διαφορετικοί τύποι μυκήτων μπορούν να προκαλέσουν δακτυλίους. Αυτοί οι μύκητες είναι μεταδοτικοί για όσο διάστημα οποιοδήποτε από τα σπόρια τους παραμένουν ζωντανά.

    Τα μυκητιακά σπόρια μπορούν να ζήσουν για 12 έως 20 μήνες, οπότε είναι σημαντικό ένα άτομο να απολυμαίνει οτιδήποτε έρχεται σε επαφή με ένα μολυσμένο άτομο ή ζώο. Αυτά τα αντικείμενα περιλαμβάνουν κλινοσκεπάσματα, μαξιλάρια καναπέ, ρούχα και άλλα υφάσματα.

    Πόσο καιρό μεταδίδεται μετά την έναρξη της θεραπείας;

    Σύμφωνα με το Νοσοκομείο Παιδιών του Σιάτλ, ο Ringworm σταματά να μεταδοθεί μετά από 48 ώρες θεραπείας.

    Ενώ υποβάλλονται σε θεραπεία, ένα άτομο μπορεί να καλύψει τη βλάβη για να βοηθήσει να αποτρέψει την έμμεση σε επαφή με άλλους ανθρώπους ή αντικείμενα στο περιβάλλον.

    Ένας σκύλος ή γάτα που λαμβάνει επιθετική θεραπεία για ringworm θα παραμείνει μεταδοτική για περίπου 3 εβδομάδες. Εάν η θεραπεία είναι πιο ήπια ή ασυνεπής, ο δακτύλιος είναι πιθανό να παραμείνει μεταδοτικός για μεγαλύτερο χρονικό διάστημα. Οι άνθρωποι πρέπει να συζητούν τις θεραπευτικές επιλογές με τον κτηνίατρο του κατοικίδιου ζώου τους.

    Πώς εξαπλώνεται;

    Ringworm εξαπλώνεται μέσω άμεσης επαφής με μολυσμένα δέρματα ή μυκητιακά σπόρια. Τα σπόρια μπορούν να ζήσουν σε υφάσματα, όπως ρούχα, μαξιλάρια καναπέδων, κλινοσκεπάσματα και άλλες πορώδεις επιφάνειες. Επίσης, ευδοκιμούν σε υγρά περιβάλλοντα, όπως δημόσια ντους και αποδυτήρια.

    Ringworm είναι ο ίδιος μύκητας που προκαλεί το πόδι του αθλητή και το jock φαγούρα. Ως αποτέλεσμα, εάν ένα άτομο έχει ringworm, θα πρέπει να αποφεύγουν να αγγίζουν την περιοχή ή τα πόδια του. Κάτι τέτοιο θα μπορούσε να προκαλέσει τη διάδοση του δακτυλίου σε αυτά τα μέρη του σώματος.

    Ένα άτομο που συστέλλεται από ένα κατοικίδιο ζώο δεν μπορεί να το μεταβιβάσει σε άλλο άνθρωπο. Σε αυτή την περίπτωση, ο μύκητας μπορεί να περάσει μόνο από ζώο σε άνθρωπο.

    Πρόληψη του ringworm

    Ενώ ο καθένας μπορεί να πάρει ringworm, ορισμένοι παράγοντες μπορούν να αυξήσουν τον κίνδυνο ενός ατόμου να αναπτύξει τη μόλυνση. Αυτά περιλαμβάνουν:

    • Ζώντας σε ένα ζεστό, υγρό περιβάλλον
    • εφίδρωση βαριά
    • Συμμετοχή σε αθλητικά επαφή, όπως πάλης ή ποδόσφαιρο
    • Χρησιμοποιώντας αποδυτήρια ή δημόσια ντους
    • Φοράτε σφιχτά παπούτσια
    • Ζώντας ή εργάζεστε σε στενή επαφή με τα ζώα
    • έχοντας ένα εξασθενημένο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα

    Σε πολλές περιπτώσεις, είναι δυνατόν να αποφευχθεί ο δακτύλιος. Ορισμένα βήματα που μπορεί να κάνει ένα άτομο για να αποτρέψει αυτή τη μόλυνση περιλαμβάνει: Κρατώντας το δέρμα καθαρό και ξηρό

  • Αποφεύγοντας το περπάτημα ξυπόλητου σε ντους και σε άλλες υπαίθριες περιοχές
  • ντους αμέσως μετά την αναπαραγωγή ενός αθλητισμού επαφής και τη διατήρηση όλων των κιτ καθαρών
  • Χέρια με σαπούνι και νερό μετά από να παίξετε με ένα κατοικίδιο ζώο
  • αναζητώντας κτηνιατρική θεραπεία για ένα μολυσμένο κατοικίδιο ζώο
  • εμποδίζοντας το ringworm από την εξάπλωση

    μόλις ένα άτομο ή Το PET έχει δακτυλιοειδές, είναι σημαντικό να αποφευχθεί η εξάπλωση της λοίμωξης.

    Πρόληψη της μόλυνσης μεταξύ ανθρώπων

    Ένα άτομο που έχει ringworm μπορεί να διαδώσει τη λοίμωξη τόσο σε άλλα μέρη του σώματός τους όσο και σε άλλους ανθρώπους. Για να αποφευχθεί αυτό, οι άνθρωποι πρέπει να λάβουν τις ακόλουθες προφυλάξεις:

    • Αποφύγετε το ξύσιμο ή το αγγίξτε τη βλάβη του δακτυλίου
    • Πλύνετε τα χέρια καλά μετά από να αγγίξετε ή να θεραπεύσετε τη βλάβη του δακτυλίου
    • Πλύνετε τα ρούχα, τα κρεβάτια και τις πετσέτες σε ζεστό, σαπουνόνερο

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    • Φοριές κάλτσες που βρίσκονται γύρω από το
    • Χρησιμοποιήστε ένα υπεριώδες απολυμαντικό παπουτσιών ή το ντουλάπι του όζοντος για να απολυμάνετε τα παπούτσια
    • Αποφύγετε το περπάτημα στο σπίτι

    πρέπει να αποφεύγουν να μοιράζονται τα προσωπικά τους αντικείμενα. Ορισμένα αντικείμενα για να αποφύγετε την κοινή χρήση περιλαμβάνουν:

    • ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΗ
    • Πετσέτες
    • Ένδυση και αξεσουάρ
    • Μακιγιάζ

    Αποτρέποντας τη μόλυνση από τα κατοικίδια ζώα σε ανθρώπους

    Εάν ένα κατοικίδιο ζώο έχει δακτυλιοειδή, ένα άτομο θα πρέπει να βοηθήσει στην αποτροπή της λοίμωξης από:

    • Αναζητώντας κτηνιατρική θεραπεία για το κατοικίδιο ζώο
    • Έχοντας τον κτηνίατρο να ελέγξει άλλα κατοικίδια ζώα για το δακτύλιο
    • Φοράς γάντια και μακριά μανίκια όταν χειρίζεται το κατοικίδιο ζώο
    • Πλύσιμο τα χέρια με σαπούνι και νερό μετά από να αγγίξει το κατοικίδιο ζώο

    θεραπεία

    Η θεραπεία συνήθως περιλαμβάνει την άμεση εφαρμογή μιας αντιμυκητιασικής κρέμας στη βλάβη του δακτυλίου. Αυτές οι κρέμες είναι διαθέσιμες στον πάγκο.

    Κατά την εφαρμογή της κρέμας, οι άνθρωποι πρέπει να καλύπτουν την ορατή βλάβη και να διαδώσουν την κρέμα σε 2,5 εκατοστά πέρα από τα σύνορα της βλάβης. Οι άνθρωποι πρέπει να συνεχίσουν να χρησιμοποιούν την κρέμα για τουλάχιστον 7 ημέρες μετά την εκκαθάριση της βλάβης.

    Σύμφωνα με μία μελέτη, οι αλοιφές ή οι κρέμες θα μπορούσαν να διαρκέσουν περίπου 4 εβδομάδες για να καθαρίσουν μια λοίμωξη ringworm. Ωστόσο, η ακριβής διάρκεια της λοίμωξης εξαρτάται από τη θέση και τη σοβαρότητα της βλάβης.

    Μια βλάβη που σχηματίζεται σε μια περιοχή του σώματος με ελάχιστα ή καθόλου μαλλιά μπορεί να επιλύσει σε 2-4 εβδομάδες με θεραπεία. Εάν η λοίμωξη είναι σοβαρή ή σε μια περιοχή με πολλά μαλλιά, μπορεί να διαρκέσει περισσότερο για να θεραπευτεί.

    ringworm που εμφανίζεται στο τριχωτό της κεφαλής απαιτεί συνταγογραφούμενα φάρμακα, όπως αντιμυκητιασικά από του στόματος. Ο γιατρός μπορεί επίσης να συνταγογραφήσει ένα φαρμακευτικό σαμπουάν.

    Χωρίς θεραπεία, το ringworm μπορεί να εξαφανιστεί μέσα σε λίγους μήνες. Ωστόσο, το άτομο είναι μεταδοτικό για τον εαυτό του και τους άλλους κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου.

    Περίληψη

    Το Ringworm είναι μια εξαιρετικά μεταδοτική μυκητιακή λοίμωξη του δέρματος. Μπορεί να συμβεί οπουδήποτε στο σώμα, αλλά είναι ιδιαίτερα κοινό στην περιοχή της βουβωνικής χώρας και στα πόδια.

    Ένα άτομο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιήσει φαρμακευτικές αλοιφές και κρέμες για να θεραπεύσει το ringworm τοπικά. Για πιο σοβαρές λοιμώξεις, ένα άτομο μπορεί να χρειαστεί να πάρει από του στόματος αντιμυκητιασικά φάρμακα.

    Το Ringworm παραμένει μεταδοτικό κατά τις πρώτες 48 ώρες θεραπείας στους ανθρώπους και για περίπου 3 εβδομάδες από την έναρξη της επιθετικής θεραπείας σε κατοικίδια ζώα. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις, ο μη επεξεργασμένος δακτύλιος παραμένει μεταδοτικός για πολύ περισσότερο.

    Τα ίδια τα σπόρια των μυκήτων μπορούν να ζήσουν για έως και 20 μήνες. Κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου, οι άνθρωποι πρέπει να λάβουν τις απαραίτητες προφυλάξεις για να αποτρέψουν την επανεμφάνιση.

    • Οι μολυσματικές ασθένειες/βακτηρίδια/ιοί
    • Αποφεύγουμε τη χρήση τριτογενών αναφορών. Συνδέουμε τις πρωταρχικές πηγές – συμπεριλαμβανομένων των μελετών, των επιστημονικών αναφορών και των στατιστικών στοιχείων – σε κάθε άρθρο και επίσης τις απαριθμούν στο τμήμα πόρων στο κάτω μέρος των άρθρων μας. Μπορείτε να μάθετε περισσότερα σχετικά με τον τρόπο με τον οποίο διασφαλίζουμε ότι το περιεχόμενό μας είναι ακριβές και τρέχον διαβάζοντας την πολιτική συντακτικής μας.

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    Rejoignez la conversation à www.facebook.com/getfitguy.

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    Mit kell tudni az időbeli lebeny epilepsziáról

    Az epilepszia egy krónikus neurológiai állapot, amely az agyban rendellenes elektromos aktivitás epizódjait okozja, ami rohamokat eredményez. Az ideiglenes lebeny -epilepszia (TLE) rohamok az időbeli lebenyben kezdődnek, és gyakran szokatlan érzéseket, mozgásokat vagy viselkedést jelentenek.

    TLE roham során az ember tudatos maradhat, vagy elveszítheti a tudatát.

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    Similarly, if a pitch result market is offered, and that pitch is not recorded through the plate appearance/inning specified out there header, wagers on that market shall be void. Live Plate Appearance/Pitch Result/Pitch Count markets might be void in the occasion of an intentional ball/walk. This is a guess the place you pick a team regardless of the beginning pitcher of the group. If a scheduled pitcher on either team is modified after you make your wager and earlier than the beginning of the game, your guess continues to be lively.

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    1xbet Stole My Winnings

    A Tricast is a wager where you name the first three choices to complete first, second and third in the correct order for a specified race, in races where a Computer Forecast Dividend is said. A Reverse Forecast is a wager where you name two alternatives to finish 1st and 2nd in any order for a particular occasion. A Straight Forecast is a guess where you name two alternatives to finish 1st and 2nd within the appropriate order for a specified occasion. If a horse comes underneath Starter’s Orders but refuses to race, the bet shall be a loser. In all horse races the place a runner is withdrawn, or adjudged not to have started – and subsequently been declared a Non-Runner by the starter – stakes on that choice will be refunded.

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    You can move the point-spread so that you get more points when betting the underdog, and fewer factors when betting on the favourite. You can transfer the total so that you get the next complete when betting the beneath or a decrease total if betting the over. Match betting is when two horses from a race are selected and odds are provided for one ending in a greater place than the different. The “Add Selection” option opens within the wager slip – hit “Add to this bet” to add your new selection to an lively guess.

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    Predict what quantity of points a staff will accumulate over the course of an everyday season. Teams should play the pre-determined variety of matches for bets to face, until the change in the number of matches couldn’t impact the bets’ settlement, or the settlement is already determined. For the purposes of this market only, factors deductions aren’t included. Predict which group will score the first/2 nd/3 rd/4 th/…./last goal in the match. If a sport is abandoned all bets shall be void, except the result of a wager is already determined.

    Show/Early prices will stand for a re-run except there is a non-runner, by which case all bets might be settled on the SP. A re-run greyhound race is taken within the order by which it was originally placed in the programme, regardless of the time at which it was re-run. Where a race has been declared a no-race and isn’t re-run, all bets for that race might be made void and will not count for any further race.

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    Predict which participant will win the match after the handicap scores have been utilized. In the event of the statutory number of sets/legs not being accomplished, changed, or differing from these offered for betting purposes then all bets are void. Team listed on the wager must complete all scheduled regular season games for bets to have action unless remaining video games throughout season would not have an result on the outcome. In the occasion of a venue change for a game, bets will stand. Any forfeited game that is thought-about an official result will depend towards season lengthy bets. Official award for most valuable player of a specific round.

    Predict which team will score the primary goal within the aggregated occasion. If the occasion isn’t accomplished, then all bets are void unless the market has already been decided. Predict alternative total goals scored in the aggregated occasion. Predict the whole targets scored within the aggregated occasion.

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    Predict whether or not or not a selected vary of objectives might be scored inside the total ninety minutes of the sport. If a game is deserted bets might be void, except the market has already. Under 2 Bets win if there’s both zero or 1 objective scored in the match.

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    If non-runners take the race to less than 5 runners the place money goes on to win. Mythical matches will use the principle 1X2, HC & OU lines from both separate occasions and carry out combined primary 1X2, HC & OU lines. Predict the two groups that may reach the final of the match. Predict the entire quantity of penalty kicks taken within the tournament.

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    In the event of the specified rack (1st, 2nd …or 21st) not being played, bets shall be void. To predict which group will progress furthest within the tournament without the nominated team listed. If the half just isn’t accomplished then all bets are void until the market has already been decided.

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    A prediction of whether or not the total number of accumulated factors in a game will add as a lot as an odd or even quantity. Predict the end result of a match at halftime and fulltime. Bets settled on the 4th quarter end result include extra time . Predict the winner of the game, applying the given spread .

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    All bets shall be settled on official match outcomes. All markets shall be settled on the common season result until stated otherwise. Settlement might be based mostly on the driver’s last place on the FIA’s official classification at the time of the rostrum presentation and the driver’s grid place initially of the race.

    It could be offered as a percentage of the first deposit or as a proportion of every deposit. In the first case, you will make a single guess, in the second – a parlay or a group guess. Use the login and password you specified when registering your account, or use any different means of logging in. Using your cellular device, visit the official 1xBet web site. You will see a notification that tells you that there’s a new version of the 1xBet app out there. Once these situations are met, the money might be transferred from the bonus balance to the principle steadiness and you can switch it to your e-wallet or bank card.

    Cards proven to non-players, such as managers, substituted or substitution gamers – do not rely for settlement. Any card proven after the full-time whistle has been blown will be disregarded. Predict which staff will carry out the primary kick of the sport. Bets accepted after the decisive toss of coin will be void. All bets stand if a kick off has been made in the match, no matter if the match is later abandoned.

    In matches determined by a Super-Over, Wides bowled in the course of the Super-Over is not going to count for settlement purposes. Predict what quantity of runs might be scored within the specified variety of overs . If the desired variety of overs usually are not complete the wager will be void, until the group is all out, declares, reaches their goal or settlement of the bet has already been decided. Predict how many runs shall be scored in the specified variety of overs. Bets will be settled based on the final standings, together with playoffs , unless otherwise said. All bets are thought-about legitimate, even when the player withdraws or doesn’t start the event at all.

    Predict which staff will score most Sixes in the game. In drawn First Class matches, bets will be void if fewer than 200 overs have been bowled, except settlement of the guess has already been decided. In First Class matches the market refers solely to each team’s first innings. Predict whether the subsequent wicket will fall before or after a specified variety of runs have been scored. Bets are void if the wicket said does not fall until a winning market has already been established.

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    Predict the successful team and exactly by what quantity of points this group will win by selecting from given options. If the game is deserted in the 4th Quarter , bets on it is going to be void. If the sport is deserted in the 2nd Quarter, bets on the 1st Quarter might be settled, the remaining (2nd/3rd/4th Quarter) shall be void. In a 3W Handicap, the line is set so that there may additionally be a draw outcome, supplying you with 3 potential bets. 1st/2nd/3rd Quarter three W Handicap, which is settled based on the end result of 1st/2nd/3rd Quarter only. In a 3W Handicap, the line is set in order that there can additionally be a draw outcome, providing you with three potential bets.1 st Half 3 W Handicap, which is settled based on the results of 1st half solely.

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    Predict which team will be the winner, making use of the given unfold to the score. 48-minute games should go at least forty three minutes of play and 40-minute games must go a minimum of 35 minutes of play to guarantee that full-time bets to take actions. All bets on a game include extra time except otherwise said. Settlement of bets might be based mostly on the official declared end result. Any each-way phrases marketed are settled on the actual variety of runners who take part in the race, excluding the ‘without’ selection.

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    Bets on the remaining runners in that race, taken at Early Prices or at Board Prices prior to withdrawal, shall be subject to a deduction. Ante publish bets shall be settled based on the worth and place terms on the time the guess has been positioned. Using the each means checkbox will double the unit stake positioned on the winner selection. The ultimate contact (pass, pass-cum-shot or another touch) leading to the recipient of the ball scoring a objective without a decisive contact from an opposition player. Own objectives or penalties don’t get an help awarded. Win/loss is decided by the Ball Possession of both groups, then by evaluating the ball possession with the handicap given before the sport began.

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    1xbet Online Bookmaker

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    Drivers should begin the primary session of qualifying for bets to stand. For fastest in qualifying session 1 and a pair of, drivers must begin the specified session of qualifying for bets to face. For settlement purposes the winner is deemed to be the driving force main the race as they cross the start/finish line after one categorised race lap . In the event of one lap not being absolutely accomplished all bets shall be void.

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